ABSTRACT
Beach handball is a fully developed sporting discipline on all five continents which has attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade, resulting in a proliferation of different studies focusing on players but not on referees. The main objective of this cross-sectional research was to determine the physical demands on elite male beach handball referees in four different competitions: U18 male; U18 female; senior male; and senior female. Twelve elite federated male referees (age: 30.86 ± 8 years; body height: 175.72 ± 4.51 cm; body weight: 80.18 ± 17.99 kg; fat percentage: 20.1 ± 4.41%; national or international experience) belonging to the Technical Committee of the Royal Spanish Handball Federation were recruited for this the study. The physical demands required of referees in official matches were measured by installing a GPS device. The sampling frequency used to record their speed and distance was 15 Hz. A triaxial accelerometer (100 Hz) was used to determine their acceleration. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) between competitions with post hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni adjustment was used to compare among categories. A higher distance covered in zone 1 and speeds of 0 to 6 km-h-1 were recorded. Most accelerations and decelerations occurred in zones 0 and 1 (zone 0: 0 to 1 m·s-2; zone 1: 1 to 2 m·s-2). The lack of differences (p > 0.05) between most analysed variables suggest quite similar physical demands of the four analysed competitions. These results provide relevant information to design optimal training plans oriented to the real physical demands on referees in an official competition.
Subject(s)
Athletic Performance , Running , Male , Female , Humans , Young Adult , Adult , Geographic Information Systems , Cross-Sectional Studies , Acceleration , Physical Functional PerformanceABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Beach handball (BH) is a sport in which sporting performance is influenced, together with team interaction, by individual performance in terms of strength. Body composition is one of the main factors for sports performance and eating habits can condition this variable. The Mediterranean diet (MD) can significantly reduce the risk of mortality or cardiovascular disease. In addition, the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment carries out different campaigns to promote it among young athletes, establishing it as a suitable diet for sports. OBJECTIVES: The main aims of the study are to assess body composition, physical activity and adherence to the MD of beach handball players. It also aims to evaluate age group differences in male and female players, as well as studying the possible relationship between MD, body composition and performance variables. METHODS: A total of 59 Spanish BH players were recruited in the national championship of BH in the province of Alicante. Thirty-eight male (14 junior; 17.0 ± 0.1 years and 24 seniors; 25.5 ± 4.7 years) and twenty-one female (7 junior; 16.1 ± 1.46 years and 14 seniors; 23.2 ± 2.0 years) BH players participated in this study. The questionnaire to evaluate eating habits was Mediterranean diet adherence (KIDMED). Body composition was measured with electrical bioimpedance. Strength was evaluated by means of a maximum isometric handgrip test of the dominant hand with handgrip and height of jump by counter-jump on contact platform. In the statistical analysis, descriptions and correlations between the study variables were made. RESULTS: In females, when the adherence to the MD is lower, the weight is higher, the lean body mass is lower and worse results are observed in performance tests. As for males, there are differences in weight and lean body mass according to category. CONCLUSIONS: Adequate eating habits are related to the weight of beach handball athletes. In addition, specifically with junior players, it has been observed that adherence to the MD correlates with weight.
Subject(s)
Athletic Performance , Diet, Mediterranean , Body Composition , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Hand Strength , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
This cross-sectional study aims to analyze the physical demands of elite beach handball players during an official competition. Nine elite female (mean age: 24.6 ± 4.0 years; body weight: 62.4 ± 4.6 kg; body height: 1.68 ± 0.059 m; training experience: 5 years; training: 6 h/week) beach handball players of the Spanish National Team were recruited for this study. A Global Positioning System was incorporated on each player's back to analyze their movement patterns. Speed and distance were recorded at a sampling frequency of 15 Hz, whereas acceleration was recorded at 100 Hz by means of a built-in triaxial accelerometer. The main finding of the study is that 53% of the distance travelled is done at speeds between 1.5 and 5 km/h and 30% of the distance is between 9 and 13 km/h (83% of the total distance covered), which shows the intermittent efforts that beach handball involves at high intensity, as reflected in the analysis of the internal load with 62.82 ± 14.73% of the game time above 80% of the maximum heart rate. These data help to orientate training objectives to the physical demands required by the competition in order to optimize the players' performance.
Subject(s)
Athletic Performance , Geographic Information Systems , Acceleration , Adult , Body Height , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Sports , Young AdultABSTRACT
ObjetivoEl objetivo de este estudio es determinar la intensidad del esfuerzo en competición mediante la medición de la frecuencia cardiaca en jugadoras de balonmano playa.Material y métodoSe utilizó una muestra de 6 jugadoras pertenecientes a un equipo de ámbito nacional. Durante la celebración de 13 partidos de categoría nacional, la frecuencia cardiaca se registró a todas las jugadoras por telemetría a lo largo de los encuentros en periodos de 5 segundos.ResultadosLos valores medios de la frecuencia cardiaca registrados en la primera parte fueron de 149,94±11,96 latidos por minuto (lpm), lo que supone un 80% de la frecuencia cardiaca máxima (FCmáx), con una mínima de 113,20±13,65 lpm y una máxima de 172,16±9,97 lpm. En la segunda parte fueron de 156,08±11,43 lpm, lo que supone un 83% de la FCmáx de referencia, con una mínima de 125,16±14,99 lpm y una máxima de 175,94±8,94 lpm.Siguiendo la clasificación de intensidad de la actividad física propuesta por el American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), se registró que durante la primera parte se empleaba el 41,57±19,7% del tiempo en una actividad definida como vigorosa y el 26,1±26,5% como muy vigorosa, mientras que en la segunda parte se reduce el porcentaje de tiempo de actividad moderada para aumentar el porcentaje de actividad muy vigorosa al 40,8±25,5%.ConclusiónLos resultados sugieren que la práctica del balonmano playa en jugadoras de nivel nacional supone un nivel de intensidad vigoroso y muy vigoroso durante el 70% del tiempo, y que los registros de frecuencia cardiaca se mantendrán entre 150 y 157 lpm, lo que supone el 80-83% de la FCmáx(AU)
ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to determine the intensity of competitive effort by measuring heart rate during beach handball in female players. We used a sample of six players belonging at the same team.Material and methodsDuring the course of 13 national level category matches, heart rate was recorded for all players by telemetry in periods of 5seconds.ResultsThe average heart rates recorded in the first half was 149.94±11.96 bpm representing 80% reference HRmax (Heart Rate maximum) with a minimum of 113.20±13.65 bpm and maximum 172.16±9.97 bpm, while in the second half it was 156.08±11.43 bpm representing 83% reference HRmax, with a minimum 125.16±14.99 bpm and maximum of 175.94±8.94 bpm.Following the classification of intensity of physical activity proposed by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) we registered that 41.57±19.7% was defined as vigorous activity during the activity time in first half and 26.1±26.5% as very vigorous; while in the second half the percentage of moderate activity was reduced as the percentage of very vigorous activity increased to 40.8±25.5%.ConclusionThe results suggest that the practice of beach handball is a vigorous and very vigorous activity in the 70% of the total activity time. Heart rates were maintained between 150 and 157 bpm, representing 80-83% reference HRmax(AU)
